Introduction
Since Kenya’s independence in 1963, youth development has undergone significant transformations. Initial policies focused on education and vocational training, aiming to equip young Kenyans with the skills needed to contribute to the burgeoning nation. However, challenges like unemployment, poverty, and political marginalization are persisting, hence demanding a more comprehensive approach. It is important to acknowledge that previous policies have helped the country achieve a number of key milestones in youth empowerment efforts. Notable among them are: the establishment of the National Youth Council as a representative body advancing the voice of the youth, the establishment of several Affirmative Action Funds that continue to target youth, women, and people living with disabilities with low/ interest free funds for economic empowerment activities. This essay, therefore, explores my understanding of the youth transformation agenda in Kenya in the context of public policy, nature, and scope of growth and development pointing out the key milestones, limitations, and recommendations. To vividly explore this, the essay is divided into the following sections with a deep analysis of the key youth issues.
Youth Policy Shifts and achievements in Kenya
In the 1980s growing recognition of youth unemployment led to the establishment of the National Youth Service (NYS), offering skills training and community service opportunities.
In the 2000s the National Youth Policy 2007 marked a crucial shift, recognizing youth as active agents of change and outlining strategies for their empowerment. Initiatives like the Marshall Plan for Youth Employment and Development and the Access to Government Procurement Opportunities (AGPO) aimed to boost economic participation.
In the 2010sthe Kenya Youth Development Policy 2019 further emphasized inclusion, focusing on areas like health, education, entrepreneurship, and political participation.
3.0 Key Milestones and Limitations
Kenya has witnessed immense strides in education, with increased enrollment rates and improved access to higher learning. However, concerns remain regarding quality, relevance to the job market, and disparities in access for marginalized groups. Free Primary Education Act (2003): Increased primary enrolment to. Kenya National Qualification Framework (KNQF): Recognized over 600 qualifications since its inception, impacting over 2 million individuals (KNQF Secretariat, 2023). Increased access to digital learning: The Digital Schools Program connected over 1.2 million learners to tablets and e-learning resources by 2022 (Ministry of Education, 2023)
While the Free Primary Education Act (2003) increased enrolment to 87%, the Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA, 2022) reports concerns about learning outcomes, with only 23% of students mastering basic literacy and numeracy skills by Grade 3. The Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) which aims to address this, Kenya Teachers Union (KNUT, 2023) raises concerns about teacher preparedness and infrastructure limitations. This affects the demographic dividend that Kenya should capitalize on. In terms of youth educational career growth and development, the Kenya National Qualification Framework (KNQF) provides a pathway for skills recognition, bridging the gap between education and employment. For instance, Kituo Cha Kijiji, a community-based learning center in Kibera, has empowered 2,500 marginalized youth with market-relevant skills in 2022 (UN-Habitat, 2023). However, rural youth are still affected as pointed out by UNESCO (2022) which reported a 32% dropout rate in secondary education, particularly for girls in rural areas.
Youth-led businesses are on the rise, fueled by digital technologies and government initiatives like AGPO. Yet, challenges persist in accessing finance, markets, and mentorship. A 2022 Central Bank of Kenya (CBK, 2022) report found that only 14% of youth-led businesses have access to formal credit. Complex regulations and lack of mentorship hinder young entrepreneurs in this sector.
While the Constitution reserves slots for youth in Parliament and County Assemblies, meaningful participation remains limited due to financial constraints, lack of mentorship, and entrenched political networks.
Policy Recommendations
Equipping youth with digital skills and fostering innovation will be crucial to navigate the evolving job market and drive economic growth. Invest in Universal Broadband Access, implement Affordable Data Tariffs, and Promote Digital Literacy Training particularly in rural areas, to bridge the digital knowledge gap.
Revamp Technical and Vocational Education (TVET), Support Innovation Hubs and Coworking Spaces by increasing funding for initiatives like Konza Technopolis, Offer Tax Incentives for Tech Startups and Simplify regulations and establish incubation centers in rural areas (KEPSA, 2023).
Expanding access to finance through innovative models like micro-loans and crowdfunding can empower young entrepreneurs and create employment opportunities.
Strengthening youth leadership through mentorship programs, civic education, and platforms for dialogue can enhance their participation in political and social spheres.
Addressing the growing mental health concerns among youth through accessible counseling services and awareness campaigns is vital for their overall well-being and productivity
Invest in Youth-Focused Data Collection: Allocate resources to collect comprehensive data on youth needs, aspirations, and challenges, disaggregated by gender, location, and other relevant factors.
Make youth-related data publicly available and promote its use for evidence-based policymaking and research by both government and civil society organizations and partner with Universities and Research Institutions to encourage regular monitoring and evaluation of youth programs and interventions.
By implementing these recommendations, Kenya can create an environment where young people contribute meaningfully to their own development and the nation’s future at the policy-making level.
Author: David Mwendwa Kimaili, Student, South Eastern Kenya University
